{"id":2850,"date":"2026-01-08T00:00:09","date_gmt":"2026-01-07T17:00:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/?p=2850"},"modified":"2026-01-06T11:05:26","modified_gmt":"2026-01-06T04:05:26","slug":"blockchain-4-0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/blockchain-4-0\/","title":{"rendered":"Blockchain 4.0 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ed5 c\u00e1i ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n. T\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Bitcoin (Blockchain 1.0) \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a Ethereum (2.0) v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Cardano hay Polkadot (3.0), c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean <\/span><a title=\"Blockchain 4.0\" href=\"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/blockchain-4-0\/\"><b>Blockchain 4.0<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho gi\u1edbi t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh &#8220;x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng&#8221; cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p 4.0.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/blockchain-4-0\/#1_Blockchain_40_la_gi\" >1. Blockchain 4.0 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/blockchain-4-0\/#2_Cach_hoat_dong_cua_Blockchain_40\" >2. C\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Blockchain 4.0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/blockchain-4-0\/#3_Blockchain_40_phi_tap_trung\" >3. Blockchain 4.0 phi t\u1eadp trung<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/blockchain-4-0\/#4_Uu_diem_cua_Blockchain_40\" >4. \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Blockchain 4.0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/blockchain-4-0\/#5_Cac_loai_Blockchain_40\" >5. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i Blockchain 4.0<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/blockchain-4-0\/#51_Public_Blockchain_cong_khai\" >5.1. Public (Blockchain c\u00f4ng khai)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/blockchain-4-0\/#52_Private_Blockchain_rieng_tu\" >5.2. Private (Blockchain ri\u00eang t\u01b0)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/blockchain-4-0\/#53_Permissioned_Blockchain_cap_quyen\" >5.3. Permissioned (Blockchain c\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/blockchain-4-0\/#6_An_toan_cua_Blockchain_40\" >6. An to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Blockchain 4.0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/blockchain-4-0\/#7_Ung_dung_cua_Blockchain_40\" >7. \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a Blockchain 4.0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/blockchain-4-0\/#8_Vai_tro_cua_Blockchain_40_trong_cong_nghe_hien_dai\" >8. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Blockchain 4.0 trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Blockchain_40_la_gi\"><\/span><b>1. Blockchain 4.0 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 Blockchain 4.0, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u00e0i to\u00e1n giao d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 t\u00ednh phi t\u1eadp trung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, th\u00ec phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n 4.0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cao c\u1ea3 h\u01a1n: <\/span><b>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong doanh nghi\u1ec7p (Blockchain for Business).<\/b><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2851\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2851\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2851 size-full\" title=\"Blockchain 4.0 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\" src=\"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/blockchain-4-0-1.webp\" alt=\"Blockchain 4.0 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/blockchain-4-0-1.webp 600w, https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/blockchain-4-0-1-300x200.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2851\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blockchain 4.0 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><b>Blockchain 4.0<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> l\u00e0 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o (AI), Internet v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt (IoT) v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn (Big Data). M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft &#8220;tam gi\u00e1c nan gi\u1ea3i&#8221; (Scalability, Security, Decentralization) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u giao d\u1ecbch m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng minh, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c li\u00ean chu\u1ed7i m\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00e0.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Cach_hoat_dong_cua_Blockchain_40\"><\/span><b>2. C\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Blockchain 4.0<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Blockchain 4.0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u0169 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn. Thay v\u00ec d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh khai th\u00e1c (Proof of Work) g\u00e2y t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a Blockchain 4.0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa <\/span><b>Sidechains (Chu\u1ed7i ph\u1ee5)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>Sharding (Ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c giao th\u1ee9c <\/span><b>Interoperability (Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>X\u1eed l\u00fd song song:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Thay v\u00ec x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1eebng kh\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1, Blockchain 4.0 cho ph\u00e9p x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u giao d\u1ecbch c\u00f9ng l\u00fac tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>H\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng minh th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> C\u00e1c Smart Contract gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn IoT th\u00f4ng qua Oracle, gi\u00fap t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi can thi\u1ec7p.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Blockchain_40_phi_tap_trung\"><\/span><b>3. Blockchain 4.0 phi t\u1eadp trung<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">T\u00ednh phi t\u1eadp trung lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 &#8220;linh h\u1ed3n&#8221; c\u1ee7a blockchain, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n 4.0, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng t\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. S\u1ef1 phi t\u1eadp trung kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p hay kh\u00f3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2852\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2852\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2852 size-full\" title=\"Blockchain 4.0 phi t\u1eadp trung\" src=\"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/blockchain-4-0-2.webp\" alt=\"Blockchain 4.0 phi t\u1eadp trung\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/blockchain-4-0-2.webp 600w, https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/blockchain-4-0-2-300x200.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2852\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blockchain 4.0 phi t\u1eadp trung<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trong h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i Blockchain 4.0, t\u00ednh phi t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00fat (nodes) ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn th\u00f4ng minh nh\u01b0 <\/span><b>Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ho\u1eb7c <\/span><a title=\"Proof of Authority (PoA)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proof_of_authority\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><b>Proof of Authority (PoA)<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ed7i duy nh\u1ea5t:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> M\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi v\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngay c\u1ea3 khi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c n\u00fat g\u1eb7p s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (Governance), t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Uu_diem_cua_Blockchain_40\"><\/span><b>4. \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Blockchain 4.0<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea1i khao kh\u00e1t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang Blockchain 4.0? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi n\u1eb1m \u1edf nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt gi\u00fap Blockchain 4.0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh &#8220;k\u1ebb thay \u0111\u1ed5i cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i&#8221;:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 giao d\u1ecbch c\u1ef1c nhanh:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn giao d\u1ecbch m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y (TPS), t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Visa.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Nh\u1edd c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, ph\u00ed gas ho\u1eb7c ph\u00ed giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch vi m\u00f4 (micropayments).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>T\u00ednh th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Giao di\u1ec7n l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng (API) v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (SDK) d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, gi\u00fap c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean blockchain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>S\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0i to\u00e1n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 Bitcoin \u0111ang g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Cac_loai_Blockchain_40\"><\/span><b>5. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i Blockchain 4.0<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">T\u00f9y v\u00e0o nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c hay c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, Blockchain 4.0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2853\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2853\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2853 size-full\" title=\"C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i Blockchain 4.0\" src=\"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/blockchain-4-0-3.webp\" alt=\"C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i Blockchain 4.0\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/blockchain-4-0-3.webp 600w, https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/blockchain-4-0-3-300x200.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2853\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i Blockchain 4.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i Blockchain 4.0 th\u00e0nh ba nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"51_Public_Blockchain_cong_khai\"><\/span><b>5.1. Public (Blockchain c\u00f4ng khai)<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia, \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 g\u1eedi giao d\u1ecbch. Trong k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean 4.0, c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng Public n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng l\u1edbn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"52_Private_Blockchain_rieng_tu\"><\/span><b>5.2. Private (Blockchain ri\u00eang t\u01b0)<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 duy nh\u1ea5t, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd nhanh nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh k\u1ebf to\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"53_Permissioned_Blockchain_cap_quyen\"><\/span><b>5.3. Permissioned (Blockchain c\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n)<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa Public v\u00e0 Private. Trong m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00e0y, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p), nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng n\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c giao d\u1ecbch. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_An_toan_cua_Blockchain_40\"><\/span><b>6. An to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Blockchain 4.0<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An ninh m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u khi \u0111\u01b0a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0o v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Blockchain 4.0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Blockchain 4.0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>M\u00e3 h\u00f3a kh\u00e1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (Quantum-Resistant Cryptography):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai khi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n m\u00e3 h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Zero-Knowledge Proofs (B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Cho ph\u00e9p x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c giao d\u1ecbch m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng tin chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang t\u01b0 t\u1ed1i \u0111a.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> C\u00e1c n\u00fat c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Ung_dung_cua_Blockchain_40\"><\/span><b>7. \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a Blockchain 4.0<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Blockchain 4.0 n\u1eb1m \u1edf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng len l\u1ecfi v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi ng\u00f3c ng\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 &#8220;ti\u1ec1n \u1ea3o&#8221; m\u00e0 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ee9c nh\u1ed1i hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2854\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2854\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2854 size-full\" title=\"\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a Blockchain 4.0\" src=\"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/blockchain-4-0-4.webp\" alt=\"\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a Blockchain 4.0\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/blockchain-4-0-4.webp 600w, https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/blockchain-4-0-4-300x200.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2854\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a Blockchain 4.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh bao g\u1ed3m:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng minh (Smart Manufacturing):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Theo d\u00f5i v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u00e0ng ch\u00ednh h\u00e3ng 100%.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Y t\u1ebf:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> L\u01b0u tr\u1eef h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 b\u1ec7nh \u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 truy c\u1eadp t\u1ee9c th\u00ec nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Logistics:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng thanh to\u00e1n thu\u1ebf quan th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng minh.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Minh b\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh danh c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Vai_tro_cua_Blockchain_40_trong_cong_nghe_hien_dai\"><\/span><b>8. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Blockchain 4.0 trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trong cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, Blockchain 4.0 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 &#8220;ch\u1ea5t keo&#8221; k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Blockchain 4.0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Kinh t\u1ebf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Cung c\u1ea5p m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 mua b\u00e1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u AI m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1eafp.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Metaverse v\u00e0 Web3:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> T\u1ea1o ra n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n danh t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng gian m\u1ea1ng.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>T\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Gi\u00fap c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb IoT c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 giao d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi nhau (Machine-to-Machine payments) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m trung gian.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>Blockchain 4.0<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, n\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ed1 minh b\u1ea1ch, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ed5 c\u00e1i ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n. T\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Bitcoin (Blockchain 1.0) \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a Ethereum (2.0) v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Cardano hay Polkadot (3.0), c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Gi\u1edd<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2857,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[84],"tags":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2850"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2850"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2850\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2859,"href":"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2850\/revisions\/2859"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2857"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2850"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2850"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/technest.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2850"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}